In order to investigate the possibility of quinoa producing in Garmsar, Iran, a factorial experiment conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018-2019 growing season at Garmsar Agricultural Research Station. The factors were planting date at three levels (March 6th, April 1st and April 6th) and the three genotypes of quinoa (Q26, Q29 and Titicaca). Results showed that the effect of planting date was significant for all studied traits except the harvest index. Also, all studied traits were significantly different in all genotypes. Titicaca planted on March 6th had the highest yield (2276 kg.ha-1).The grain yield and yield components decreased with the delaying the planting date. Compared to early plantings, Latest date, April 6th, led to reduction of all traits, especially grain yield (about 50%). The results of simple phenotypic correlation between the studied traits showed that grain yield per hectare had the highest correlation with plant yield (0.877) and then with leaf area index (0.832), panicle weight (0.815) and number of branches per plant (0.745) that was significant at the 1% probability level.

Sowing date is an important determinant of yield in canola. Cultivation of winter rapeseed cultivars in semi arid regions of Iran however it has high potential for production, but, mentioned cultivars are late maturity and this late maturity cause to that silique formation and seed filling periods mature in the same time with hot and dry weather condition. In contrast, spring rapeseed cultivars are shorter growth duration and in this regard, identification of spring rapeseed cultivars with high cold tolerance for autumn planting cause to early harvest. In order to investigation of spring rapeseed cultivars reaction to spring and autumn planting dates, an experimental was carried out in a split plot design based on RCBD with four replications for two years (2004-2006) in Karaj.Treatments were included planting season in two levels as main plots such as common planting date, autumn planting (27 September) and spring planting (25 March) and spring rapeseed varieties as sub plots in 24 levels.The results indicated that simple effects of planting season and variety and also interaction effect on silique per plant, seed per silique, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, oil yield, biologic yield and harvest index were significant at 1% level probability. In autumn planting, Hyola 401 with greatest 1000 seed weight and high seed per silique had the highest seed yield (4689 kg.ha-1) and Hyola 330 produced the maximum oil yield (2165 kg.ha-1), wherease RG 405.03 had the maximum seed yield and oil yield (2066 and 713.6 kg.ha-1, respectively) in spring planting. On the basis of this result, some of spring rapeseed cultivars with high cold tolerance and high potential such as Hyola 401 could be planting in early autumn at moderate cold regions of Iran like Karaj.

In this research, the effects of the planting arrangement on the seed yield, its components, seed oil percentage and certain agronomic properties of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in Gogan (Located in East Azarbaijan Province) during 2002-2003 were studied. The space between rows was 15, 30, 60 centimeters and the distances between the plants in a row were 5, 10, 15 centimeters, respectively. Genotypes were IL111, Kj818 and Arak-2811. The experiment was factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. During the growing season different characters such as plant height, number of branches per plant, number of capitulums per plant, number of the seeds per capitulum, seed yield, harvest index, 1000 seed weight, and seed oil percentage were measured. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes for number of the seeds per capitulum, number of capitula per plant, 1000 seed weight, plant height and seed yield. The planting arrangement had significant effect on number of capitulum per plant, number of seed per capitulum, and seed yield. The plant spaling of 15 cm within row resulted in the highest yield. Arak-2811 with 4.34 tons of seed yieldlha was the highest yielding genotype. It seems that extending safflower cultivation to medium and poor soils of localities near Ourmieh Lake (e.g. Gogan) will be useful for obtaining an acceptable yield.

In order to supply edible oil needs of Iran, production of oil crops including safflower should be increased. Iran is one of the origins of safflower which is a drought and salt tolerant crop. Safflower can be a suitable alternative crop for cultivation in marginal lands. Results of several, studies have indicated that delaying in planting date, significantly increase injuries of cold stress, decrease seed and oil yield of winter safflower. This experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of East Azarbaijan (Khosroshahr Station) during 2001-2003, using a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Factors were three planting dates (16 Shahrivar, 1 and 15 Mehr) three genotypes (Zargan 279, Varamin 295 and L.R.V.51.51). The results indicated that altering planting date from 16 Shahrivar to 15 Mehr decreases plant height, seed and oil yield. It seems that the best planting date for winter safflower in Khosroshahr and similar climates, is 15-25 Shahrivar and all of the studied genotypes can be cultivated in this location. However, L.R.V.51.51 is recommended for cooler and Varamin 295 for warmer climates of East Azarbaijan province.

Effects of the planting arrangement on the yield, its components, seed oil percentage and certain agricultural properties of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) were studied in Gogan (located in east Azarbayjan) during 1381 – 82. The space between rows were 15, 30, 60 centimeters and the distances between the plants were 5, 10, 15 centimeters and Genotypes involved IL111, Kj818 and Arak-2811. The experiment was done based on factorial with randomized block design in 3 replications. During the experiment different properties were studied including plant height, the number branch in plant, number of bolls, number of the seeds in a boll, seed yield , harvest index, thousand seed weight and seed oil persent. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes in number of the seed in capitulum, number of capitula in the plant, thousand seed weight, plant height and seed yield. At the same time the planting arrangement had significat effect on number of capitulum in the plant, number of seed in a capitulum and seed yield. The 15 cm resulted in the highest yield. It can be said that the Arak-2811 with 4/34 ton seed yield/ha was the best. It seems that, development of this plant is of great value especially in medium and poor soils of Ourmieh Lake edges (e.g. Gogan) to obtain an acceptable production.

In order to study the different levels of methanol foliar application on spring potato under experimental fertilizer management in 2016 in a training farm in Hirmand, split-plot experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with three replications. Experimental treatments consisted of 7 levels of fertilizer including 100% NPK fertilizer vermicompost manure nano fertilizer a combination of 50 percent NPK + 50 percent vermicompost 50 percent NPK + 50 percent manure Manure and 50% NPK fertilizer + 50% of nano fertilizer were the main factors and different levels of methanol at four levels (0 10 20 and 30 volumes) as a minor. The results of analysis of variance of the test data showed that the interaction of fertilizer management and methanol foliar application had a significant effect on all traits except day to 50% flowering day to day full coverage day to tuber mature and carbohydrate of the tuber. The results of the comparison of the mean interactions showed that in the application fertilizer and nano of combined with 20% volumetric methanol consumption the highest large tuber and total yield (28. 05 t. ha-1) were obtained. Also highest amount of carbohydrates and the lowest amount of catalaze and peroxidase were obtained from this treatment. It can be concluded that for increasing and improving the quantitative and qualitative properties of potato the use of fertilizer and nano of combined with 20% volumetric methanol solution is recommended.

To study the stability of grain yield in lentil genotypes in spring planting under rainfed condition, 11 genotypes were evaluated in randomized complete block design with four replications at Kermanshah, Maragheh, Zanjan and Ardebil Research Stations during three years (2001-04). The results of combined analysis showed that interaction effects of year x location, and year x location x genotypes were significant. A significant difference was also found among the genotypes at 5% level of probability. Results of stability analysis on grain yield using environmental coefficient variation method indicated that genotypes number 2, 1 and 3 with high yielding and less variation were identified as stable genotypes. Rank Sum of Method (RSM) found genotypes number 3, 5 and 2 were the most stable genotypes. Also results of stability analysis on grain yield using simultaneous selection for yield and stability showed that number 2, 5, 3 were the most stable genotypes. Stability analysis by non-parametric method of rank showed that genotype number 5 was the most stable genotype. Overall based on different stability analysis methods genotypes number 2 (FLIP 82-1L), 5 (FLIP 92-12L) and 3 (FLIP 92-15L) were the most stable genotypes. FLIP 92-12L due to the highest yield is superior to the other genotypes.

Planting pattern through changing vegetative growth and utilization of environmental resourses affects yield components and seed yield. These effects were studied in the spring of 2000 at the Agricultural Research Station, Isfahan University of Technology, using a randomized complete block design with a split plot layout and three replications. Main plots consisted of three row distances (30 cm flat, and 45 and 60 cm on bed), and sub-plots included three planting densities (30, 40, and 50 plants m^-2). The experiment was planted on March 13 using local safflower variety of Isfahan, named Koseh. Increase in row distance and plant density enhanced most developmental stages of safflower. Leaf area index was not significantly affected by row distance but increased as planting density increased. Up to the 50% flowering stage, 30 cm row distance produced highest plant dry weight, but had the least dry weight at the end of the growing season, probably due to the strong shedding of leaves. Up to the end of flowering stage, 50 plants m^-2 treatment produced the highest plant dry weight, but ranked lower as compared to 30 plants m^-2 treatment at the physiological maturity, probably due to the shedding of leaves. Row distance had no significant effect on number of branches per plant and per square meter, number of heads per branch, number of seeds per head, 1000-seed weight and harvest index. But number of heads per plant and per square meter as well as seed yield per plant and per square meter significantly decreased as planting distance increased. Plant density had no significant effect on number of branches per plant, number of heads per square meter, number of seeds per head, 1000-seed weight and seed yield. Increase in planting density increased number of branches per square meter, but reduced number of heads per branch and per plant, seed yield per plant and harvest index. The highest seed yield (4769 kg ha^-1 was obtained with 30 cm row distance and 40 plants m^-2 treatment. On average, 397 kg ha^-1 petal was harvested, which has a large economic value. However, petal clipping, over all treatments, reduced seed yield by about 7.4%. Considering the advantages of uniform distribution of plants and adaptation of safflower to flat planting, 30 cm row distance with 40 plants m^-2 might be appropriate for planting safflower under conditions similar to this experiment.

Introduction Legumes are the most economically important food source for humans due to their protein richness, especially in developing and underdeveloped countries. Chickpea yield in spring-planting under dryland cropping decreases due to increasing temperature and day length and the occurrence of end-season drought and exposure to important pest's activity. In autumn-planting, early flowering, escaping from pests and optimal use of annual rainfall help to significantly increase in grain yield. Increasing the growth period during autumn planting has been found to result in taller plant height, making mechanical harvesting more feasible. The success of a plant breeding program relies on implementing a suitable selection design that takes into account both correlated and non-correlated relationships. Recently, a significant positive correlation has been observed between grain yield and several traits such as the number of pods, number of seeds, 100-kernel weight, and harvest index in chickpea. These traits were also found to have a direct and significant effect on chickpea grain yield. Additionally, there was a high direct effect observed for pod number, number of seeds, 100-kernel weight, and single-seed weight on chickpea grain yield. Materials and Methods This research was conducted on 112 chickpea genotypes in dryland spring-planting (non-cold stress condition) and autumn-planting (cold stress) based on augmented design in Dryland Agricultural Research Institute located in Maragheh. Total pods number, number of empty pods, number of tow-seed pods, plant height, first pod height from soil level, number of pods with one seed, days to maturity initiation, days to 90% maturity, 100-kernel weight, pod diameter, pod length, biomass, harvest index, fertility percent and single-plant yield were meassured. The correlation analysis, stepwise regression and path analysis, and principal component analysis were used for identifying the relationships among agro-morphological traits. Results and Discussion In autumn-planting condition grain yield positively correlated with all traits except days to 90% maturity, but in spring-planting condition the correlation between grain yield and first pod height, days to maturity initiation, days to 90% maturity, 100-kernel weight, pod diameter and pod length were not significant. In spring-planting, 100-kernel weight and total pods number were negatively correlated. In both spring and autumn-planting, the 100-kernel weight showed a significant positive correlation with pod diameter and pod length. This indicates that genotypes with larger pods also tend to have larger seeds. Furthermore, in autumn-planting, there was a significant positive correlation between pod diameter, pod length, and grain yield. However, these correlations were not significant in spring-planting. Stepwise regression analysis was performed to assess the factors influencing grain yield in both planting conditions. In spring-planting, the number of total pods, 100-kernel weight, fertility percent, and the number of two-seed pods were found to have direct and significant effects on grain yield. On the other hand, in autumn-planting, the number of total pods, pod length, number of empty pods, 100-kernel weight, and the number of two-seed pods were included in the final model as predictors of grain yield. These results suggest that these factors play a crucial role in determining grain yield in their respective planting conditions. In spring-planting, the genotypes 108, 63, 65 and 99 had the highest number of total pods, number of single pods, biomass and plant yield and genotypes 55, 76, 81, 82, 84, 85 and 88 had the highest weight of 100-kernel, pod length and pod diameter. In autumn-planting, the genotypes 87 and 22 had higher biomass and grain yield, genotypes 45 and 65 had higher total pods and number of single pods, genotype 89 had higher total pods and biomass and genotype 94 had higher total pods, number of single pods, biomass and yield. Conclusion Correlation analysis results showed that in non cold stress condition (spring-planting), due to the short growth period, the significant relationship of most important agronomic traits with grain yield were not revealed and important components such as 100-kernel weight did not have enough opportunity to significantly affect grain yield. In spring-planting, total pods number had a high direct effect and correlation coefficient with grain yield, but the indirect effect of this trait through 100-kernel weight on grain yield was negative because increasing the number of total pods causes decreasing the kernel weight. In autumn-planting, despite the high direct effect of total pods number on grain yield, due to the indirect negative effect through the number of empty pods, the correlation coefficient of total pod number with grain yield was not very high. Finally in order to increase grain yield in chickpea genotypes in breeding programs it is recommended that under cold stress and non-stress conditions, selection should be based on the number of total pods per plant, which is a visible trait and easy to measure.

Introduction: Planting date plays main role in crop performance. Planting date through correspondence with the climatic elements affect vegetative and reproductive growth and ultimately affect the quality and quantity of crops. Among the climatic elements, temperature and day length are more important under irrigated condition. It is necessary to mention that the majority of crops cultivated in Iran are indifferent to day length. The temperature is the most important element in controlling their growth period. By using long-term weather data and related software such as Arc map we can determine the suitable planting dates for a wide area. Therefore, by eliminating field experiment and avoiding large amount of time and cost, much can be saved. The purpose of this study is to determine the best planting dates for spring safflower in different parts of Esfahan province in order to gain the maximum performance in any climatic zone.